聯系我們
-
張家口弘盛特種設備安裝有限公司
聯系人:黨經理
電話:
手機:
網址:clu5.cn
地址:河北省張家口市橋東區昶昊首府恒大寫字樓西側底商06號
新聞中心
近(jin)年來，社會各界對(dui)如(ru)何(he)確保(bao)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使用(yong)安(an)全給予了充分關(guan)(guan)注，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)日常(chang)維護(hu)保(bao)養的(de)管(guan)理進行過深入的(de)討論，但對(dui)保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使用(yong)安(an)全的(de)維護(hu)保(bao)養施工(gong)過程(cheng)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理，卻鮮有人(ren)提起。實際(ji)上，電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)維護(hu)保(bao)養施工(gong)期間的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)負(fu)面事件(jian)經常(chang)見諸報端。
2013年8月14日，山東省威海市某(mou)電梯維修(xiu)工(gong)在(zai)修(xiu)理一家酒(jiu)店載貨電梯轎門時，上身不慎被(bei)卡在(zai)轎門與墻壁之間的縫(feng)隙里，造(zao)成維修(xiu)工(gong)胸前(qian)8根肋骨和左手臂骨折。
2013年7月31日(ri)，北京(jing)市(shi)朝陽區某住宅小區內，一部(bu)電梯在維(wei)修(xiu)時突然上行，導致(zhi)一名維(wei)修(xiu)工(gong)的頭部(bu)被(bei)夾，不幸當(dang)場身亡(wang)。
2013年5月14日，湖北(bei)省宜(yi)昌市(shi)某購(gou)(gou)物(wu)中心內(nei)一(yi) 部自動人(ren)行道上發生意外(wai)，由(you)于前(qian)晚檢修拆除了一(yi)塊踏板未及時(shi)安裝(zhuang)復(fu)原就啟用(yong)，導致一(yi)名準備進入(ru)超(chao)市(shi)購(gou)(gou)物(wu)的老(lao)人(ren)踩空，墜入(ru)梯路內(nei)不幸(xing)身亡。
2012年5月(yue)13日，浙江省(sheng)杭州市某家醫院的急(ji)診電(dian)梯(ti)做保養時，包(bao)括病(bing)人(ren)(ren)在內困(kun)住(zhu)了四五個人(ren)(ren)。
2012年(nian)3月29日(ri)，浙(zhe)江省杭州市(shi)某社區(qu)電(dian)梯維修(xiu)保養時未設置(zhi)防護欄(lan)，造成(cheng)一名老人摔倒(dao)在(zai)底坑的傷害事故(gu)。
由此(ci)可見(jian)(jian)，電(dian)梯(ti)維護保養(yang)過(guo)程(cheng)的施(shi)工安(an)(an)全事故(gu)(或安(an)(an)全事件)并不少見(jian)(jian)，應引(yin)起足夠重視。在本文中(zhong)，筆(bi)者試(shi)對(dui)影(ying)響電(dian)梯(ti)維護保養(yang)過(guo)程(cheng)的施(shi)工安(an)(an)全因素進行分析，希望(wang)對(dui)業界的安(an)(an)全管理提供參考。
1法規要求
電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的維(wei)護(hu)保養，通常(chang)是電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)使(shi)用單(dan)位委托具有相(xiang)應資質的電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)生產(chan)單(dan)位，以合同規(gui)定(ding)的服務(wu)形式，對在(zai)用電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)進行經(jing)常(chang)性(xing)的監視和(he)(he)檢(jian)(jian)查，定(ding)期對電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)進行清(qing)潔、潤(run)滑、調整、更換易損(sun)件和(he)(he)檢(jian)(jian)查等日常(chang)維(wei)護(hu)和(he)(he)保養性(xing)工作。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的維(wei)護(hu)保養施(shi)工，指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)生產(chan)單(dan)位對上述工作的現場操作，是電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)維(wei)護(hu)保養管理的一部分。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的維(wei)護(hu)保養施(shi)工安全(quan)管理及(ji)其相(xiang)關法規(gui)、安全(quan)規(gui)范(fan)表(biao)述如下。
(1)《中(zhong)華人民共和(he)國(guo)特(te)種設備安(an)全法》第四十五條規定：“電梯的維護(hu)保(bao)養單位應當在維護(hu)保(bao)養中(zhong)嚴格執行(xing)安(an)全技術規范(fan)的要求，保(bao)證(zheng)其(qi)維護(hu)保(bao)養的電梯的安(an)全性能，并負責落實(shi)現場安(an)全防(fang)護(hu)措(cuo)施，保(bao)證(zheng)施工安(an)全。”
(2) 《特種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備安(an)全(quan)監(jian)察條例》第五條規(gui)定：“特種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備生產、使用(yong)單(dan)位(wei)應當(dang)建立健全(quan)特種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備安(an)全(quan)管理制度和崗位(wei)安(an)全(quan)責任制度。特種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備生產、使用(yong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)主要(yao)負(fu)責人應當(dang)對(dui)本單(dan)位(wei)特種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)備的(de)安(an)全(quan)全(quan)面(mian)負(fu)責。”第 三十二條規(gui)定：“電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)日常維護保養單(dan)位(wei)應當(dang)在維護保養中嚴格執行國家安(an)全(quan)技術規(gui)范的(de)要(yao)求，保證(zheng)其(qi)維護保養的(de)電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)安(an)全(quan)技術性能，并負(fu)責落實(shi)現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)防(fang)護措施，保證(zheng)施工安(an)全(quan)。”
(3) TSG T5001-2009《電(dian)梯使用管理與維護保(bao)養(yang)規(gui)則》第五條規(gui)定：“使用單(dan)(dan)位應當根據電(dian)梯安全(quan)技術規(gui)范(fan)以及產品(pin)安裝使用維護說明書的要求(qiu)和實際使用狀況，組織進行維保(bao)。”第十條規(gui)定：“使用單(dan)(dan)位的安全(quan)管理人員應當履行下列職責........ (七)實施(shi)對電(dian)梯安裝、改造、維修和維保(bao)工(gong)作的監督，對維保(bao)單(dan)(dan)位的維保(bao)記錄簽字確認。”
(4) 《中華人民(min)共和國特(te)種(zhong)設(she)備(bei)安(an)全法(fa)》第五十七條規(gui)定：“負責特(te)種(zhong)設(she)備(bei)安(an)全監(jian)督(du)管理(li)的部門依照(zhao)本(ben)法(fa)規(gui)定，對特(te)種(zhong)設(she)備(bei)生產、經營、使用單位和檢(jian)(jian)驗、檢(jian)(jian)測機構實施監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)(jian)查。”
; 以上各項(xiang)法規、安(an)全(quan)規范(fan)明(ming)確指出：電(dian)梯的(de)維護(hu)(hu)保養施工的(de)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)理.由使用單(dan)位(wei)組織并(bing)實施監督(du)，維護(hu)(hu)保養單(dan)位(wei)對(dui)施工安(an)全(quan)負(fu)責(ze)，特(te)種設備安(an)全(quan)監督(du)管(guan)理部門實施監督(du)檢查。
; 2管理現(xian)狀
2.1使用(yong)安(an)全主體責任未落實
有(you)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)安(an)全(quan)意(yi)識不(bu)夠，只(zhi)是虛(xu)設(she)一(yi)套電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)制度(du)，未能(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)落實執行，沒有(you)足夠的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員，認為(wei)簽訂合同并支付維(wei)(wei)保(bao)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)就完事(shi)(shi)，后(hou)續的(de)(de)一(yi)切管理(li)(li)(li)事(shi)(shi)項由維(wei)(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)負責(ze)，忽(hu)略(lve)了對(dui)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)環(huan)節的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)及對(dui)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)活動進行組(zu)織、監(jian)督(du)(du)的(de)(de)相關職責(ze)。(1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中會受到(dao)環(huan)境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)、正常(chang)損(sun)(sun)耗、乘客(ke)不(bu)當使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)壞等因(yin)素影響，缺乏(fa)這些(xie)動態(tai)信息(xi)的(de)(de)收集、 整理(li)(li)(li)，就不(bu)能(neng)(neng)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)養(yang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)有(you)的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)矢，難于做(zuo) 到(dao)快(kuai)捷、安(an)全(quan)、有(you)效(xiao)。(2)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)養(yang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)有(you)可能(neng)(neng)延(yan)伸到(dao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)區(qu)域，需(xu)要協(xie)調施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)關系(xi)，合理(li)(li)(li)調度(du)組(zu)織，可避免(mian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)與(yu)(yu)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)養(yang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)交(jiao)叉，防止(zhi)業主(zhu)誤入施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)區(qu)域造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)事(shi)(shi)故或困人(ren)事(shi)(shi)件(jian)。(3)有(you)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)管理(li)(li)(li)粗放(fang)(fang)(fang)，缺少(shao)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程的(de)(de)監(jian)督(du)(du)，對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程的(de)(de)臨(lin)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、明火(huo)等，放(fang)(fang)(fang)任施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)所為(wei)未給(gei)予(yu)(yu)控制，對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)警示、與(yu)(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)區(qu)域有(you)關的(de)(de)防護(hu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)置(zhi)未給(gei)予(yu)(yu)提醒(xing)，容(rong)易埋下安(an)全(quan)隱患(huan)。(4)缺少(shao)健(jian)全(quan)的(de)(de)應急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)援預(yu)案，認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)未發生過(guo)安(an)全(quan)事(shi)(shi)故，就放(fang)(fang)(fang)松了維(wei)(wei)保(bao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)監(jian)督(du)(du)。當出(chu)事(shi)(shi)故時(shi)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)及時(shi)組(zu)織應急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)援、排險和(he)搶救(jiu)(jiu)，這些(xie)都給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)帶來(lai)安(an)全(quan)隱患(huan)。
2.2 生產安全主體責任松懈
近幾年電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數量(liang)劇增，參(can)與(yu)(yu)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)生(sheng)產活動的(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)也(ye)迅速(su)發展，但(dan)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)安(an)裝(zhuang)維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)增長(chang)跟不(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數量(liang)的(de)增長(chang)，市場(chang)(chang)需求(qiu)與(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)技(ji)術(shu)資(zi)源產生(sheng)矛盾，市場(chang)(chang)競(jing)爭的(de)后果導致維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)行(xing)為不(bu)(bu)規(gui)范(fan)，一(yi)(yi)些維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)放(fang)松了(le)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。(1)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)日常(chang)(chang)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)工(gong)(gong)作專業(ye)技(ji)能要求(qiu)高(gao)、危險大，許多人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)愿意從事(shi)這個行(xing)業(ye)，于(yu)是有(you)些規(gui)模(mo)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)生(sheng)產單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)社(she)會(hui)上(shang)(shang)找一(yi)(yi)些社(she)會(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)臨時聘請人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，或(huo)者掛靠在(zai)別的(de)公司名(ming)下開(kai)展維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)務，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)技(ji)能不(bu)(bu)穩定，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)隊伍的(de)技(ji)術(shu)力量(liang)薄弱。這些臨時維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)知識(shi)面(mian)不(bu)(bu)廣，認識(shi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)品種單(dan)(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)，面(mian)對各(ge)式各(ge)樣的(de)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出現(xian)的(de)情況不(bu)(bu)了(le)解，不(bu)(bu)能及時消除故障，對自己從事(shi)的(de)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)作欠(qian)缺(que)(que)責(ze)任(ren)心，經常(chang)(chang)敷(fu)衍了(le)事(shi)或(huo)違規(gui)操作，容易(yi)釀成悲劇。(2)由于(yu)市場(chang)(chang)準入(ru)條件不(bu)(bu)高(gao)，參(can)與(yu)(yu)市場(chang)(chang)活動的(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)較多，競(jing)爭激烈，有(you)些生(sheng)產單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)采取低價競(jing)爭手段，以降低維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費用爭得市場(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)杯羹(geng)，結(jie)果只能壓縮管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)費用，缺(que)(que)少對維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)要的(de)技(ji)術(shu)培訓和安(an)全教育。維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)安(an)全常(chang)(chang)識(shi)未(wei)充(chong)分掌握就匆忙上(shang)(shang)崗，必(bi)備(bei)的(de)安(an)全防護(hu)用品能省則省，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)嚴重(zhong)缺(que)(que)失(shi)。⑶由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)固有(you)特(te)性(xing)，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)都是上(shang)(shang)門服務的(de)，雖(sui)然(ran)很(hen)多維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)對維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)有(you)一(yi)(yi)些具體的(de)工(gong)(gong)作要求(qiu)，也(ye)配給一(yi)(yi)些安(an)全防護(hu)用品，但(dan)疏(shu)于(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，或(huo)者以包(bao)代管(guan)。維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)時沒有(you)顧及使用單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)使用特(te)點，及時與(yu)(yu)使用單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)溝通(tong)，現(xian)場(chang)(chang)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)來去匆匆，安(an)全防護(hu)設(she)施(shi)未(wei)設(she)置齊全就匆忙開(kai)工(gong)(gong)，造成業(ye)主誤入(ru)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)區域或(huo)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)自身傷害。
2.2 維保的現場監察乏力
電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)列(lie)于使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)環節管理(li)(li)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)負有(you)組織(zhi)管理(li)(li)職(zhi)責(ze)，電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也是(shi)(shi)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)在電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)生產活(huo)動(dong)，生產單(dan)位(wei)應對(dui)生產安(an)全(quan)(quan)負責(ze)。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督管理(li)(li)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)。雖然(ran)政府監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管部(bu)(bu)(bu)門近年(nian)來相續出臺(tai)一(yi)(yi)些電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)與維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)相關辦法(fa)，但這(zhe)些辦法(fa)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)停留在宏觀層(ceng)面，對(dui)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)中需要重點監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管和規范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)行為卻(que)沒有(you)具體的(de)(de)(de) 措施(shi)出臺(tai)，實(shi)際監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)中還是(shi)(shi)存(cun)在一(yi)(yi)些問題：(1)通常縣、市(shi)局特(te)種設(she)(she)(she)備安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)人員僅設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)幾名，承擔著轄(xia)區(qu)成千上萬臺(tai)/套特(te)種設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)重任，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)力量不(bu)足，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)，多采取按比例分(fen)別(bie)抽查(cha)(cha)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)以及(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)資質、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)記錄等檢查(cha)(cha)方式，現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)的(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)蓋率和力度(du)(du)有(you)限(xian)。(2)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)生產活(huo)動(dong)服(fu)從于電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，造成維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)安(an)排的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定性(xing)，維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)難度(du)(du)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量，又未達到電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 類別(bie)中必(bi)須(xu)開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)告知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)(du)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管部(bu)(bu)(bu)門對(dui)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)可能(neng)處于不(bu)知(zhi)情狀態(tai)，也給(gei)現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)難度(du)(du)。 (3)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)迅猛增(zeng)加(jia)和電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展，客觀上要求更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)能(neng)力。但一(yi)(yi)些監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)人員對(dui)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)專業技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)知(zhi)識、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)安(an)全(quan)(quan)作業規程(cheng)等了(le)解有(you)限(xian)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)隊伍的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)力建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)未能(neng)與時(shi)(shi)倶進，只能(neng)淡化維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)時(shi)(shi)抽查(cha)(cha)，停留在一(yi)(yi)些宏觀層(ceng)面的(de)(de)(de)檢查(cha)(cha)，這(zhe)就體現(xian)不(bu)了(le)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，制約了(le)現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果。
3建(jian)議(yi)與對(dui)策
鑒于電(dian)梯維保施工過程的安全管理對落實電(dian)梯維護(hu)保養制(zhi)度的重要(yao)性，因此要(yao)從以下幾方面加強管理。
3.1加強(qiang)維保(bao)單位施工過程(cheng)的安全管理(li)
(1)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)取決于(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)著較大風險(xian)(xian)(xian)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)應(ying)負起生(sheng)產安(an)全(quan)(quan)主(zhu)體責任，在(zai)(zai)執行(xing)國家規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)規范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，引入(ru)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)理(li)念，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)識別，認(ren)清面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜環境和(he)所在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部和(he)外部風險(xian)(xian)(xian)，分(fen)析風險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重程(cheng)(cheng)度，對(dui)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)認(ren)真評價才能制定(ding)有針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，把(ba)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)降(jiang)到最低(di)。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使(shi)用(yong)與(yu)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)不可避免受到使(shi)用(yong)條件、服(fu)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)群、電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)生(sheng)產質(zhi)量、維(wei)(wei)保水平、企業(ye)資金(jin)等因素(su)影(ying)響(xiang).施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能發生(sheng)墜(zhui)(zhui)落傷(shang)害、機械傷(shang)害、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)傷(shang)害，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、建(jian)筑廢物從高處墜(zhui)(zhui)落可能帶來打擊(ji)危(wei)害等。在(zai)(zai)識別了風險(xian)(xian)(xian)源后，要(yao)制定(ding)出防(fang)(fang)范(fan)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。首先(xian)要(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員都要(yao)經過(guo)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)技術培訓(xun)，考試(shi)合格后持(chi)(chi)“特(te)種(zhong)設(she)備(bei)作(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)員證”上(shang)(shang)崗，按照電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使(shi)用(yong)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)說(shuo)明(ming)書的(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)導制定(ding)“施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)(包括安(an) 全(quan)(quan)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))” i施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員上(shang)(shang)崗前由(you)專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)員對(dui)其進(jin)(jin)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)教育，進(jin)(jin)入(ru)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)交(jiao)底、技術交(jiao)底，完成以(yi)上(shang)(shang)程(cheng)(cheng)序后，按要(yao)求(qiu)使(shi)用(yong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)帽、安(an)全(quan)(quan)帶等防(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)品。實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)，現(xian)場持(chi)(chi)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)作(zuo)業(ye)項目(mu)特(te)種(zhong)設(she)備(bei)作(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)員證的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)員不得少于(yu)1人(ren)(ren)，以(yi)便互相(xiang)(xiang)照應(ying)、監(jian)(jian)護(hu)和(he)監(jian)(jian)督，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)特(te)殊過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)配套的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)具(ju)(ju)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員都要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)自檢(jian)和(he)專檢(jian)，實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)(jian)督。此外，生(sheng)產單位(wei)還應(ying)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)動工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)和(he)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)品損耗按時(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)檢(jian)查(cha)，對(dui)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)規范(fan)執行(xing)情況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)定(ding)期檢(jian)查(cha)。以(yi)上(shang)(shang)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)和(he)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，能夠有效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。
(2)維保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)應加(jia)強行業自律，積極營(ying)造一個良性有序的(de)競爭氛圍，促進(jin)行業健康(kang)發展。①成立同行協會，制定(ding)行業公約(yue)，以制度來約(yue)束(shu)個別(bie)維保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)不良行為。②根據當地人(ren)(ren)工(gong)工(gong)資(zi)、交通(tong)(tong)條件等因素，組織(zhi)電梯維保(bao)(bao)(bao)成本核算咨詢服(fu)務，避免競相壓價的(de)惡性行為，提(ti)倡公平(ping)競爭、技(ji)術(shu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障的(de)優(you)質服(fu)務理念。③加(jia)強電梯使(shi)用單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)和維保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)溝通(tong)(tong)，使(shi)供(gong)需(xu)雙(shuang)方明確各自承(cheng)擔的(de)安(an)全(quan) 責任，便于維保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)按相關法律規程(cheng)要(yao)求開展維保(bao)(bao)(bao)技(ji)術(shu)服(fu)務。④維保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)采取內部培(pei)訓、外派學習等專業技(ji)能、 安(an)全(quan)知識培(pei)訓的(de)方式(shi)，提(ti)升在職維保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)素質。對(dui)于維保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)員缺口較(jiao)大(da)的(de)地區，可聯合當地的(de)職業培(pei)訓學校(xiao)，專門設(she)置(zhi)電梯安(an)裝維修(xiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)課程(cheng)，定(ding)向培(pei)養(yang)專業人(ren)(ren)員。
(3)維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)應(ying)(ying)針(zhen)對(dui)維(wei)保(bao)的不同類別(類型)電梯(ti)，制(zhi)定(ding)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)措施和救援(yuan)預(yu)案，每半年至(zhi)少進(jin)行(xing)一次應(ying)(ying)急(ji)演練。現場維(wei)保(bao)時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)與使用(yong)單(dan)位(wei)溝(gou)通，避開用(yong)梯(ti)高(gao)峰，保(bao)證維(wei)保(bao)現場安全警示、安全防(fang)護設(she)施設(she)置有效(xiao)，防(fang)止使用(yong)者誤入施工區(qu)域，或采取措施防(fang)止維(wei)保(bao)中的電梯(ti)被(bei)誤用(yong)。
3.2落實維保管理制度，履行組織監督職責
(1) 使用單位應加強使用安(an)全(quan)(quan)主體責(ze)任(ren)意(yi)識，落實(shi)好(hao)維護保(bao)養管理(li)制(zhi)度，保(bao)證電(dian)梯(ti)安(an)全(quan)(quan)運行所(suo)必需的投入。選擇規(gui)模大、技術能力(li)強、管理(li)較(jiao)完善、與電(dian)梯(ti)級別相(xiang)適應資質的生產單位簽訂維保(bao)合同(tong)，配(pei)齊持(chi)證的電(dian)梯(ti)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)，加強電(dian)梯(ti)運行的日常巡視，發(fa)現故障(zhang)隱患及時組(zu)織(zhi)排除。建立維修基金制(zhi)度，保(bao)障(zhang)電(dian)梯(ti)易損件(jian)、耗材、人(ren)工成本需要，降低(di)運行安(an)全(quan)(quan)和維保(bao)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的風險(xian)。
(2) 建(jian)立(li)以崗位責(ze)任制(zhi)為核心的電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)使(shi)用和運(yun)營安(an)全管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度，對電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員進行安(an)全教育和培訓，使(shi)他(ta)們對電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行原理(li)、安(an)全附件和特定部件作用、常見(jian)故(gu)障(zhang)處理(li)方法有一定了(le)解(jie)，才能對電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行的異常情況(kuang)真(zhen)實記錄及對維(wei)保(bao)施工進行有效監督(du).促進維(wei)保(bao)工件做得細致到位。
(3) 根據電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)使用環境(jing)、運行狀況(kuang)、業主要(yao)求、電(dian)梯(ti)品種、零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)壽(shou)命等(deng)情況(kuang)，與維(wei)保(bao)單位一起制定維(wei)保(bao)計(ji)劃，提(ti)前(qian)做好維(wei)保(bao)的(de)時間與監督人員(yuan)安排，減少停梯(ti)時間，提(ti)高維(wei)保(bao)效率。電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)維(wei)保(bao)過程，做好業主引(yin)導、告知等(deng)協(xie)調(diao)組織工作，防止電(dian)梯(ti)在業主不知情下(xia)誤用、誤操作。
(4) 開展應急救援(yuan)演練，以鍛(duan)煉救援(yuan)隊伍的(de)實戰能力，提高電梯(ti)故障或(huo)事(shi)故處理(li)效率。
3.3加強現場監察(cha)力度，規范維保施工(gong)行為
(1) 建立(li)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)監控檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)機制，加強(qiang)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)安全(quan)監察(cha)力度(du)。將電梯維(wei)護保(bao)(bao)養施工過(guo)程的檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)列(lie)入現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)安全(quan)監察(cha)的抽查(cha)(cha)(cha)樣(yang)本，采取(qu)突擊檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的方式(shi)，對施工方案和施工人員的資格進行現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)復(fu)核，結合使用單位維(wei)保(bao)(bao)制度(du)的落實(shi)、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)單位的資質、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)記錄等宏(hong)觀檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，重點(dian)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)施工安全(quan)管理制度(du)落實(shi)情(qing)況，并將檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)結果(guo)列(lie)入生產(chan)安全(quan)主體責任執行情(qing)況的考核。
(2) 對(dui)未按照TSG T5001-2009及有(you)關安全(quan)(quan)技術規范以(yi)及電梯(ti)產品安裝使用(yong)維護說明(ming)書的(de)要求制(zhi)定維保方案、安全(quan)(quan)生產管理制(zhi)度嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)缺(que)失、造成乘客傷亡或電梯(ti)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)損壞的(de)維保單(dan)位，給(gei)予降級或取消(xiao)生產許可(ke)資質。
(3) 加(jia)(jia)強監察(cha)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)電梯基礎知(zhi)識、安全(quan)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)范的培(pei)訓學習，掌握執法(fa)(fa)需要的專業知(zhi)識，提(ti)高(gao)技(ji)(ji)術執法(fa)(fa)能力(li)。加(jia)(jia)強監管(guan)體系建設(she)，合理(li)調(diao)配監察(cha)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，調(diao)動(dong)監察(cha)協管(guan)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)積極性，以提(ti)高(gao)現場安全(quan)監察(cha)的實(shi)效。
3.4 建立(li)電梯責任保險(xian)，有效控制施工風險(xian)
; 《中華(hua)人民共和(he)國特種(zhong)設(she)(she)備安(an)全法》第十(shi)七條明確規定：“國家鼓勵投保特種(zhong)設(she)(she)備安(an)全責任(ren)保險(xian)(xian)以引(yin)導(dao)電梯使(shi)用、日常(chang)維護保養單位參(can)加電梯責任(ren)保險(xian)(xian)，提高事故(gu)賠付能力。”在用電梯的(de)維保過(guo)程，可(ke)能由于使(shi)用與維保施工在不可(ke)預見的(de)條件(jian)下，不同風險(xian)(xian)出現疊加或(huo)放大效(xiao)應而引(yin)發事故(gu)，生產(chan)單位和(he)使(shi)用單位應引(yin)入保險(xian)(xian)機制，建立健全電梯責任(ren)保險(xian)(xian)，利用社會資源達(da)到有效(xiao)控制電梯維保施工過(guo)程的(de)安(an)全風險(xian)(xian)。
4結語
電梯(ti)的維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)養(yang)施工過程(cheng)的安全(quan)管理，是保(bao)證電梯(ti)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)養(yang)質量安全(quan)的基礎(chu)。只有維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)加強(qiang)維(wei)保(bao)生產(chan)安全(quan)管理，使用單(dan)(dan)位(wei)合理組(zu)織并實施現場(chang)監督，特種設備(bei)安全(quan)監督管理部門(men)實施有效監督檢查，才能(neng)實現正常運作(zuo)，減少電梯(ti)維(wei)保(bao)施工過程(cheng)的負(fu)能(neng)量.為廣大業(ye)主提供安全(quan)和諧的使用環境。